{"id":293,"date":"2020-05-21T20:28:53","date_gmt":"2020-05-21T20:28:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/?p=293"},"modified":"2020-05-21T20:28:53","modified_gmt":"2020-05-21T20:28:53","slug":"indian-national-movement-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/2020\/05\/21\/indian-national-movement-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Indian National Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Revolutionary Patriots<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The first decade of the 20th century witnessed\nthe growth of various revolutionary societies in different
\nparts of the country. They believed that they would be able to demoralise the\nadministrative machinery of the government by terrorising the big bosses of the\nimperial bureaucracy and thus win freedom for the country through coercive\ntactics. Since the government suppressed various political movements and\nimprisoned the national leaders, the activities of these revolutionary\nsocieties and groups gained a big momentum as underground patriotism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The principal source of inspiration for the\nrevolutionary patriots was the Great Revolt of 1857. The publication of the\nbook entitled India\u2019s First War of Independence <\/em>by Vinayak Damodar\nSavarkar in 1906 at London about the great uprising of 1857 helped to put the\nrecord straight and also to infuse a spirit of nationalism and rebellion among\nthe youth of the country. They also derived their ideas and beliefs from the\nRussian nihilists and the British terrorists. Savarkar had earlier translated\nthe life of Mazzini in Marathi. He was also the founder of Abhinava Bharata, a\nsecret society of revolutionaries. It preached the gospel of freedom. It\nexhorted its workers to popularise its songs and ballads. Even after Savarkar\nwho left for London in 1906, the Abhinava Bharata continued to flourish.\nSavarkar also secretly sent a large quantity of arms including Browning pistols\nto his Indian counterparts with Mirza Abbas, Sikandar Hayat and others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Bengal, the Anushilan Samiti was the first\nsecret society organised by the revolutionaries. In 1905, it published a\npamphlet entitled Bhavani Mandir <\/em>(Temple of the Goddess Bhavani). It\ngave a plan in detail how a centre of revolutionary activity should be\nestablished in a temple on a secluded spot. Two years later, the Samiti\npublished another book called Bartaman Rananiti <\/em>(Principles of Current\nStrategy). It advocated guerilla warfare training to the revolutionary\npatriots. It further brought out another publication, Mukti Kon Pathe?<\/em>\n(Which Way Liberation?) preaching how the Indian soldiers were to be won over\nto the cause of revolution and how foreign arms were to be obtained. The Samiti\nsent its members abroad to learn the manufacturing of bombs and explosives. A\ncentre for their manufacture was opened at Muraripukar Garden house in\nManiktala in Calcutta. It also opened its branches in various parts of the\nprovince, the most prominent among which was at Dhaka with 500 members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Anushilan Samiti also brought out a\nperiodical named Jugantar <\/em>(New Era). It openly preached for an armed\nrevolt to create the necessary revolutionary fervour among the people. It made\nits impact. Attempts were made on the lives of two Lieutenant Governors of\nBengal\u2014one, that of newly created East Bengal and the other of the remaining\nBengal\u2014but without success. Their next target was Kingsford, Chief Presidency\nMagistrate of Muzaffarpur. Prafulla Chaki and Khudi Ram Bose accordingly went\nto Muzaffarpur to do the job. They threw a bomb at a carriage which they took\nto be that of Kingsford. It actually belonged to Kennedy. The result was that\nthe latter\u2019s wife and daughter were killed by mistake. Prafulla was arrested,\nbut he shot himself. Khudi Ram Bose was tried and hanged. The incident took\nplace on April 30, 1908. Two days later, the police searched the\nMuraripukar Garden house and seized many bombs and cartridges there.\nThirty-four persons including Aurobindo Ghosh were arrested and charged with\nconspiracy. During the trial proceedings, the public prosecutor and the Deputy\nSuperintendent of Police were both shot dead in the court premises.\nSubsequently, the traitor Narendra Gosain, who divulged the secrets to the\nauthorities and became an approver, was also murdered inside the jail compound\nby Kanailal Datta and Satyen Bose. The people received the news of the\ntraitor\u2019s death with joy. Datta and Bose were hailed as the heroes. Later, when\nDatta was hanged, thousands shed tears and took it as a personal loss to them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Punjab, the revolutionaries became active as\nearly as in 1904. They formed a secret society and pledged themselves that they\nwould sacrifice their lives for the liberation of their motherland. When the\ngovernment took up a stern attitude and deported Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit\nSingh, there was a brief interlude of lull in the revolutionary camp. They\nagain became active with the return of Lala Hardayal from abroad. He held\nclasses for the revolutionaries at Lahore as to how they could bring about the\ndestruction of the British power in India. Although Hardayal had to leave India\nagain, his pupils carried on his work. The prominent among them was Rash Behari\nBose. They threw a bomb at Lord Hardinge in Delhi, while he was riding an\nelephant in a state procession. The Viceroy was badly wounded. He also fainted\nfrom loss of blood. His servant holding the state umbrella was, however, killed\non the spot. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Madras, Vance Aiyar killed Ashe, the District\nMagistrate of Tinnevelly. At London, Madan Lal Dhingra shot dead William Curzon\nWyllie at a gathering of the Imperial Institute in 1909. He defended his act in\nhis statement that he shed English blood intentionally as a humble protest\nagainst the inhuman transportations for life and hangings of Indian youths.\nDhingra himself was also hanged, but he won admiration and acclaim all over\nIndia and abroad. The revolutionaries could not withstand the police for long.\nThey petered out, but they gave their countrymen the pride of their manhood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The revolutionaries again became active after\nthe suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji in 1922. The old\nAnushilanand Jugantargroups were revived. They also established\nthe Hindustan Republican Association in Kanpur in October 1924. Its principal\nobjective was to organise an armed revolution. The leader of the\nrevolutionaries in the United Provinces was Ramprasad Bismil. For organising\nthe revolution, they needed money. Bismil advocated that this money should be\nlooted from the government treasuries or deposits. He organised a dacoity in a\ntrain going from Kakori to Alamnagar. The revolutionaries boarded the train.\nThey stopped it by pulling the alarm chain. They held the guard at the point of\na revolver and decamped with a large amount of money. The plot was later\nunearthed. The authorities came upon them with an iron hand and arrested a\nlarge number of persons. They convicted them in the famous Kakori Mail Dacoity\nCase. Seventeen were sentenced to long imprisonment, four were transported for\nlife and four sentenced to death. There was a lot of public resentment against\nthe capital punishment. A proposal was also mooted by the non-official members\nof the Provincial Legislative Council to commute the sentence to life\nimprisonment, but it did not succeed. Bismil was hanged. His last words were,\n\u201cI wish the downfall of the British empire\u201d. His colleague, Roshanlal, bravely\nwent up to the gallows with a smiling face. He had a copy of Gita <\/em>in his\nhands and Vande Mataram <\/em>on his lips. Ashfaqullah carried a copy of Koran\n<\/em>in his hand when the noose was put round his neck. There was no fear on his\nface. He gave up his life with a smile and said, \u201cI tried to make India free,\nbut the attempt will not end with my life\u201d.\n\nThe revolutionaries later rechristened their organisation under the\nleadership of Chandrashekhar Azad in 1928 and called it the Hindustan Socialist\nRepublican Association (HSRA). They issued their manifesto under the\ncaption : \u201cThe Philosophy of Bomb\u201d. It stated that the revolutionaries\nbelieved that the deliverance of their country would come through the revolution.\nThe leader of the Punjab wing of the HSRA was Bhagat Singh. He also formed the\nPunjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha. Bhagat Singh killed J.P. Saunders, the Assistant\nSuperintendent of Police, Lahore, to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. He\njustified it by saying, \u201cThe murder of a leader respected by millions of people\nat the unworthy hands of an ordinary police official like J. P. Saunders was an\ninsult to the nation. It was the bounden duty of the young men of India to\nefface it\u201d. Later, he along with Batukeshwar Dutt, threw a bomb in the Central\nLegislative Assembly on April 9, 1929. They wanted to record their protest\nagainst the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill aimed\nat curtailing the civil liberties. The bomb did not kill any one as their\nintent was only to make the deaf \u201chear\u201d. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt\ncould run away, but got themselves arrested. During the trial, these patriots\ndid not attempt to defend themselves but aroused the national consciousness by\ntheir defiant attitude. They were executed in the Central Jail in Lahore on\nMarch 23, 1931. The trio, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru, mounted the\ngallows with a bright smile on their faces. The message to their countrymen was\n\u201cvery soon, the final battle will begin. Its outcome will be decisive. We took\npart in the struggle and we are proud of having done so\u201d. The martyrdom of\nBhagat Singh shook the entire nation and made him a legendary hero for the\nposterity. Among other revolutionaries, Jatin Das won martyrdom after his\nhistoric fast of 63 days in jail at Lahore. Chandrashekhar Azad died while fighting\na pitched battle with the police at Allahabad. They were all crusaders for a\ncause\u2014the freedom of the country.\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Revolutionary Patriots The first decade of the 20th century witnessed the growth of various revolutionary societies in different parts of the country. They believed that they would be able to demoralise the administrative machinery of the government by terrorising the big bosses of the imperial bureaucracy and thus win freedom for the country through coercive […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=293"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":294,"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293\/revisions\/294"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=293"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.competitionreview.in\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}